Una revisión sistemática de la IA generativa y la educación superior (en inglés como medio de instrucción)

  1. Peter Bannister 1
  2. Alexandra Santamaría Urbieta 1
  3. Elena Alcalde Peñalver 2
  1. 1 Universidad Internacional de La Rioja
    info

    Universidad Internacional de La Rioja

    Logroño, España

    ROR https://ror.org/029gnnp81

  2. 2 Universidad de Alcalá
    info

    Universidad de Alcalá

    Alcalá de Henares, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04pmn0e78

Revista:
Aula abierta

ISSN: 0210-2773

Año de publicación: 2023

Título del ejemplar: Monográfico “Temáticas, modelos y líneas de investigación en didáctica de la lengua y la literatura en contextos educativos”

Volumen: 52

Número: 4

Páginas: 401-409

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Aula abierta

Resumen

Esta revisión sistemática examina la investigación más actual sobre inteligencia artificial (IA) generativa y sus implicaciones para la educación superior en contextos de inglés como medio de instrucción (EMI). El estudio aborda dos preguntas de investigación: (1) ¿Cuáles son los estudios relevantes para la educación superior (EMI) publicados hasta ahora, teniendo en cuenta los desarrollos más recientes de la IA generativa? y (2) ¿Qué áreas clave faltan por abordar actualmente en la literatura existente y necesitan una mayor exploración académica a este respecto en la investigación de la educación superior (EMI)? Los resultados revelan una falta de investigación sobre las implicaciones de la IA generativa en la educación superior, con un número limitado de trabajos relevantes. El estudio ofrece sugerencias preliminares para guiar la investigación futura en este campo. La revisión destaca la necesidad de más investigación sobre el potencial de la IA generativa para mejorar la experiencia de enseñanza y aprendizaje en contextos de educación superior en los que se emplea el inglés como medio de instrucción, y proporciona una base teórica para futuros estudios. Los resultados podrían ser de utilidad para académicos y educadores universitarios que busquen explorar el uso de la IA generativa desde diferentes perspectivas educativas.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Abdelwahab, H. R., Rauf, A., & Chen, D. (2023). Business students’ perceptions of Dutch higher educational institutions in preparing them for artificial intelligence work environments. Industry and Higher Education, 37(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221087614
  • Abunasser, B. S., Al-Hiealy, M. R. J., Barhoom, A. M., Almasri, A. R., & Abu-Naser, S. S. (2022). Prediction of Instructor Performance using Machine and Deep Learning Techniques. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(7), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130711
  • Archibald, A., Hudson, C., Heap, T., Thompson, R., Lin, L., DeMerrit, J. & Lucke, H. (2023). A validation of AI-enabled discussion platform metrics and relationships to student efforts. TechTrends, 67(2), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00825-7
  • Archibald, M. M., & Clark, A. M. (2023). ChatGTP: What is it and how can nursing and health science education use it? Journal of Advanced Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15643
  • Bañeres, D., Rodríguez-González, M. E., Guerrero-Roldán, A.-E., & Cortadas, P. (2023). An early warning system to identify and intervene online dropout learners. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00371-5
  • Banihashem, S. K., Noroozi, O., den Brok, P., Biemans, H. J. A., & Kerman, N. T. (2023). Modeling teachers’ and students’ attitudes, emotions, and perceptions in blended education: Towards post-pandemic education. International Journal of Management Education, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100803
  • Basilotta-Gómez-Pablos, V., Matarranz, M., Casado-Arranda, L.-A. & Otto, A. (2022). Teachers’ digital competencies in higher education: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00312-8
  • Bornmann, L. (2013). What is societal impact of research and how can it be assessed? A literature survey. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(2), 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22803
  • Chang, Q., Pan, X., Manikandan, N., & Ramesh, S. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering, 29(5). https://doi.org/10.1142/S021853932240006X
  • Charmaz, K. (1996). The search for meanings- grounded theory. In J.A. Smith, R Harré & L. Van Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology (pp. 27-49). Sage Publications.
  • Chen, X., Xie, H., Zou, D., Hwang, G.-J. (2020). Application and theory gaps during the rise of Artificial Intelligence in Education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100002
  • Chen, Y., Jensen, S., Albert, L. J., Gupta, S. & Lee, T. (2023). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Student Assistants in the Classroom: Designing Chatbots to Support Student Success. Information Systems Frontiers, 25(1), 161-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10291-4
  • Chen, Z. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Evaluation for Mathematics Teaching in Colleges under the Guidance of Wireless Network. Mobile Information Systems, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3201004
  • Choi, E. P. H., Lee, J. J., Ho, M.-H., Kwok, J. Y. Y., & Lok, K. Y. W. (2023). Chatting or cheating? The impacts of ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence language models on nurse education. Nurse Education Today, 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105796
  • Chong, S.W., Lin, T.J. & Chen, Y. (2022). A methodological review of systematic literature reviews in higher education: Heterogeneity and homogeneity. Educational Research Review, 35, 100426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100426
  • Chu, H.-C., Hwang, G.-H., Tu, Y.-F., & Yang, K.-H. (2022). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review of the top 50 most-cited articles. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7526
  • Cooper, G. (2023). Examining Science Education in ChatGPT: An Exploratory Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Science Education and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-023-10039-y
  • Costello, E. (2023). ChatGPT and the Educational AI Chatter: Full of Bullshit or Trying to Tell Us Something? Postdigital Science and Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-023-00398-5
  • Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2023). Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148
  • Cox, A., Cameron, D., Checco, A., Herrick, T., Mawson, M., & Steadman-Jones, R. (2022). Criteria of quality in fiction-based research to promote debate about the use of AI and robots in Higher Education. Higher Education Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2022.2087603
  • Crawford, J., Cowling, M., & Allen, K.-A. (2023). Leadership is needed for ethical ChatGPT: Character, assessment, and learning using artificial intelligence (AI). Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.3.02
  • Dahmen, J., Kayaalp, M. E., Ollivier, M., Pareek, A., Hirschmann, M. T., Karlsson, J., & Winkler, P. W. (2023). Artificial intelligence bot ChatGPT in medical research: the potential game changer as a double-edged sword. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-023-07355-6
  • Dameri, R.P. & Demartini, P. (2020). Knowledge transfer and translation in cultural ecosystems. Management Decision, 58(9), 1885-1907. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-10-2019-1505
  • Dearden, J. (2015). English as a medium of instruction —a growing global phenomenon. British Council. Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/e484_emi_cover_option_3_final_web.pdf
  • Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., Baabdullah, A. M., Koohang, A., Raghavan, V., Ahuja, M., Albanna, H., Albashrawi, M. A., Al-Busaidi, A. S., Balakrishnan, J., Barlette, Y., Basu, S., Bose, I., Brooks, L., Buhalis, D., … Wright, R. (2023). “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642
  • Egger, M., Dickersin, K. & Smith, G. D. (2008). Problems and limitations in conducting systematic reviews. In M. Egger, G. D. Smith & D. Altman (Eds.), Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-Analysis in Context (pp. 43-68). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470693926.ch3
  • Elliot, V. (2022). Foundations of Educational Research. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Emenike, M. E., & Emenike, B. U. (2023). Was This Title Generated by ChatGPT? Considerations for Artificial Intelligence Text-Generation Software Programs for Chemists and Chemistry Educators. Journal of Chemical Education. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00063
  • Farrokhnia, M., Banihashem, S. K., Noroozi, O. & Wals, A. (2023). A SWOT Analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2195846
  • Fergus, S., Botha, M., & Ostovar, M. (2023). Evaluating Academic Answers Generated Using ChatGPT. Journal of Chemical Education. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00087
  • Fernández, A., Gómez, B., Binjaku, K., & Meçe, E. K. (2023). Digital transformation initiatives in higher education institutions: A multivocal literature review. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11544-0
  • Galvez, C. (2018). Co-word analysis applied to highly cited papers in Library and Information Science (2017-2017). Transinformacao, 30(3), 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-08892018000300001
  • Gellai, D. B. (2022). Enterprising Academics: Heterarchical Policy Networks for Artificial Intelligence in British Higher Education. ECNU Review of Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/20965311221143798
  • Ghnemat, R., Shaout, A., & Al-Sowi, A. M. (2022). Higher Education Transformation for Artificial Intelligence Revolution: Transformation Framework. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 17(19), 224–241. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i19.33309
  • González-Calatayud, V., Prendes-Espinosa, P. & Riog-Vila, R. (2021). Artificial intelligence for student assessment: A systematic review. Applied Sciences, 11(12), 5467. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125467
  • Graf, A., & Bernardi, R. E. (2023). ChatGPT in Research: Balancing Ethics, Transparency and Advancement. Neuroscience, 515, 71–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.008
  • Gupta, P., & Yadav, S. (2022). A TAM-based Study on the ICT Usage by the Academicians in Higher Educational Institutions of Delhi NCR. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, 111, 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9113-3_25
  • Gupta, S. & Chen, Y. (2022). Supporting inclusive learning using chatbots? A chatbot-led interview study. Journal of Information Systems Education, 33(1), 98-108. https://aisel.aisnet.org/jise/vol33/iss1/11
  • Henry, J. V, & Oliver, M. (2022). Who Will Watch the Watchmen? The Ethico-political Arrangements of Algorithmic Proctoring for Academic Integrity. Postdigital Science and Education, 4(2), 330–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-021-00273-1
  • Heugh, K., French, M., Arya, V., Pham, M., Tudini, V., Billinghurst, N., Tippett, N., Chang, L.-C., Nichols, J., & Viljoen, J.-M. (2022). Multilingualism, translanguaging and transknowledging: Translation technology in EMI higher education. AILA Review, 35(1), 89–127. https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.22011.heu
  • Hodgson, D., Goldingay, S., Boddy, J., Nipperess, S., & Watts, L. (2022). Problematising Artificial Intelligence in Social Work Education: Challenges, Issues and Possibilities. British Journal of Social Work, 52(4), 1878–1895. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab168
  • Hooda, M., Rana, C., Dahiya, O., Rizwan, A., & Hossain, M. S. (2022). Artificial Intelligence for Assessment and Feedback to Enhance Student Success in Higher Education. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5215722
  • Hurlburt, G., & Reisman, S. (2023). The Importance of Educating Computational Educators. Computer, 56(3), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2023.3235097
  • Iskender, A. (2023). Holy or Unholy? Interview with Open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research, 34. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169
  • Jiao, P., Ouyang, F., Zhang, Q., & Alavi, A. H. (2022). Artificial intelligence-enabled prediction model of student academic performance in online engineering education. Artificial Intelligence Review, 55(8), 6321–6344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-022-10155-y
  • Johinke, R., Cummings, R., & Di Lauro, F. (2023). Reclaiming the technology of higher education for teaching digital writing in a post—pandemic world. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.02.01
  • Khan, R. A., Jawaid, M., Khan, A. R., & Sajjad, M. (2023). ChatGPT-Reshaping medical education and clinical management. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 39(2), 605–607. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.7653
  • King, M. R. (2023). A Conversation on Artificial Intelligence, Chatbots, and Plagiarism in Higher Education. Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, 16(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12195-022-00754-8
  • Koo, M. (2023). Harnessing the potential of chatbots in education: The need for guidelines to their ethical use. Nurse Education in Practice, 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103590
  • Kris, A., Nailer, C., Jansen, K. & Potocnjak-Oxman, C. (2021). Teaching-practice as a critical bridge for narrowing the research-practice gap. Industrial Marketing Management, 92, 254-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.02.017
  • Lasagabaster, D. (2022). English-Medium Instruction in Higher Education. Cambridge University Press.
  • Latif, G., Alghazo, R., Pilotti, M. A. E., & Ben Brahim, G. (2022). Identifying ‘At-Risk’ Students: An AI-based Prediction Approach. International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 11(1), 1051–1059. https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/110184
  • Lim, W. M., Gunasekara, A., Pallant, J. L., Pallant, J. I., & Pechenkina, E. (2023). Generative AI and the future of education: Ragnarök or reformation? A paradoxical perspective from management educators. International Journal of Management Education, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100790
  • Liu, L., Subbareddy, R., & Raghavendra, C. G. (2022). AI Intelligence Chatbot to Improve Students Learning in the Higher Education Platform. Journal of Interconnection Networks, 22. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219265921430325
  • Lubienski, C. Conclusion: The future of research use? In J. Malin & C. Brown (Eds.), The Role of Knowledge Brokers in Education (pp. 201-212). Routledge.
  • Lund, B. D., Wang, T., Mannuru, N. R., Nie, B., Shimray, S., & Wang, Z. (2023). ChatGPT and a new academic reality: Artificial Intelligence-written research papers and the ethics of the large language models in scholarly publishing. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24750
  • Ma, X. (2022). English Teaching in Artificial Intelligence-based Higher Vocational Education Using Machine Learning Techniques for Students’ Feedback Analysis and Course Selection Recommendation. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 28(9), 898–915. https://doi.org/10.3897/jucs.94160
  • Macaro, E. (2019). Systematic reviews in applied linguistics. In J. McKinley & H. Rose (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 228-237). http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367824471-20
  • Macaro, E. (2022). English medium instruction: What do we know so far and what do we still need to find out? Language Teaching, 55, 533-546. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444822000052
  • Macaro, E., Curle, S., Pun, J., An, J. & Dearden, J. (2018). A systematic review of English medium instruction in higher education. Language Teaching, 51, 36-76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444817000350
  • Martín-Núñez, J. L., Ar, A. Y., Fernández, R. P., Abbas, A., & Radovanović, D. (2023). Does intrinsic motivation mediate perceived artificial intelligence (AI) learning and computational thinking of students during the COVID-19 pandemic? Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100128
  • Martín-Ramallal, P., Merchán-Murillo, A., & Ruiz-Mondaza, M. (2022). Virtual trainers with artificial intelligence: levels of acceptance among university students. Educar, 58(2), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/educar.1482
  • Masters, K. (2023). Ethical use of artificial intelligence in health professions education: AMEE Guide No.158. Medical Teacher. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2023.2186203
  • Miltra, S. (2023). Performing a literature review: An overview. Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 11(3), 184-190. Retrieved from https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/4810
  • Morreel, S., Mathysen, D., & Verhoeven, V. (2023). Aye, AI! ChatGPT passes multiple-choice family medicine exam. Medical Teacher. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2023.2187684
  • Nagy, M., & Molontay, R. (2023). Interpretable Dropout Prediction: Towards XAI-Based Personalized Intervention. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00331-8
  • Odden, T. O. B., Lauvland, A., Bøe, M. V, & Henriksen, E. K. (2023). Implementing the learning assistant model in European higher education. European Journal of Physics, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/acb39e
  • Ouyang, F., Zheng, L. & Jiao, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence in online higher education: A systematic review of empirical research from 2011 to 2020. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 7893-7925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10925-9
  • Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S. . . . Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105906, Article 105906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906
  • Palatinus, D. L. (2017). Humans, machines and the screen of the Anthropocene. Americana E-Journal of American Studies in Hungary, XIII(2). Retrieved from: http://americanaejournal.hu/vol13no2/palatinus
  • Perkins, M. (2023). Academic Integrity considerations of AI Large Language Models in the post-pandemic era: ChatGPT and beyond. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.02.07
  • Quezada Castro, G. A., Castro Arellano, M. P., & Quezada Castro, M. P. (2022). Artificial intelligence and legal education: Its incorporation during the Covid-19 pandemic. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 27(8), 750–764. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.27.8.2
  • Rahman, A. (2022). Mapping the Efficacy of Artificial Intelligence-based Online Proctored Examination (OPE) in Higher Education during COVID-19: Evidence from Assam, India. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(9), 76–94. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.9.5
  • Ramo, R. M., Alshaher, A. A., & Al-Fakhry, N. A. (2022). The Effect of Using Artificial Intelligence on Learning Performance in Iraq: The Dual Factor Theory Perspective. Ingenierie Des Systemes d’Information, 27(2), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.18280/isi.270209
  • Razia, B., Awwad, B., & Taqi, N. (2022). The relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and its aspects in higher education. Development and Learning in Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLO-04-2022-0074
  • Rycroft-Smith, L. (2022). Knowledge brokering to bridge the research-practice gap in education: Where are we now? Review of Education, 10(1), e3341. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3341
  • Saad, I., & Tounkara, T. (2023). Artificial intelligence-based group decision making to improve knowledge transfer: the case of distance learning in higher education. Journal of Decision Systems. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2022.2161734
  • Sadasivan, V. S., Kumar, A., Balasubramanian, S., Wang, W., & Feizi, S. (2023). Can AI-Generated Text be Reliably Detected?. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.11156. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.11156
  • Sailer, M., Bauer, E., Hofmann, R., Kiesewetter, J., Glas, J., Gurevych, I., & Fischer, F. (2023). Adaptive feedback from artificial neural networks facilitates pre-service teachers’ diagnostic reasoning in simulation-based learning. Learning and Instruction, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101620
  • Sharadgah, T. A., & Sa’di, R. A. (2022). A systematic review of research on the use of artificial intelligence in english language teaching and learning (2015-2021): What are the current effects? Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 21, 337–377. https://doi.org/10.28945/4999
  • Singh, S. V, & Hiran, K. K. (2022). The Impact of AI on Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Technology. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 22(13), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v22i13.5514
  • Subirats, L., Corral, A. P., Pérez-Ruiz, S., Fort, S., & Sacha, G.-M. (2023). Temporal analysis of academic performance in higher education before, during and after COVID-19 confinement using artificial intelligence. PLoS ONE, 18(2 February). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282306
  • Tian, X. (2022). Exploring Intelligent Teaching for Teachers of Ideology and Politics in the Context of Artificial Intelligence. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7423038
  • Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M. A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D. T., Huang, R., & Agyemang, B. (2023). What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x
  • Urtasun, A. (2022). Empowering undergraduates through machine learning. Industry and Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221124498
  • Wang, Y. (2022). Analysis on the Particularity of Higher Education Subject Development under the Background of Artificial Intelligence. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8109117
  • Xia, X., & Li, X. (2022). Artificial Intelligence for Higher Education Development and Teaching Skills. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7614337
  • Yang, T.-C. (2023). Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Analysis and Assessment of Digital Competence in University Courses. Educational Technology and Society, 26(1), 232–243. https://doi.org/10.30191/ETS.202301_26(1).0017
  • Yao, X. (2022). Design and Research of Artificial Intelligence in Multimedia Intelligent Question-Answering System and Self-Test System. Advances in Multimedia, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2156111
  • Yeo, M. A. (2023). Academic integrity in the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI) authoring apps. TESOL Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.716
  • Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N., & Bulut, O. (2023). Conversation-based assessment: A novel approach to boosting test-taking effort in digital formative assessment. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100135
  • Zawacki- Richter, O., Marín, V.-I.; Bond, M. & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal in Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
  • Zembylas, M. (2023). A decolonial approach to AI in higher education teaching and learning: strategies for undoing the ethics of digital neocolonialism. Learning, Media and Technology, 48(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.2010094
  • Zhang, F. (2022). Design and Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology-Driven Education and Teaching System in Universities. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8503239
  • Zhou, C. (2022). Integration of modern technologies in higher education on the example of artificial intelligence use. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11309-9