Discourse Analysis of Policies to Prevent Violent Radicalization in Ten European Countries and their Impact on Educational Systems

  1. Díaz de Alda, Arantxa Azqueta
  2. Merino-Arribas, Adoración
Zeitschrift:
RIMCIS: Revista Internacional y Multidisciplinar en Ciencias Sociales

ISSN: 2014-3680

Datum der Publikation: 2023

Titel der Ausgabe: Número de marzo

Ausgabe: 12

Nummer: 1

Seiten: 93-119

Art: Artikel

DOI: 10.17583/RIMCIS.10968 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Andere Publikationen in: RIMCIS: Revista Internacional y Multidisciplinar en Ciencias Sociales

Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung

After the 9/11 attacks, Western societies and institutions try to respond to terrorist attacks. The fight against radicalization has gained prominence on international agendas. The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) proposes a new learning objective: global competence. This research analyses how the attitudes of global competence, are reflected in government plans for the prevention of radicalization in ten European countries: Spain, Sweden, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom and Finland. A lexicometric analysis was performed using clustering techniques. Iramuteq program is used. A quantitative analysis was also carried out on a qualitative data corpus to facilitate comparative analysis. While European socio-educational policies are, theoretically, a fundamental pillar in the pursuit of integration, in practice, the network of correspondence shows a policy focused on the threat of terrorism, where police intervention is prioritized, and the role of education is insignificant. We conclude that policies for the prevention of radicalization in Europe do not reflect the characteristics that define democratic, interculturally competent citizenship and are not aligned with global competence. We suggest promoting transversality and unity of policies which encourage integration and social cohesion and reassessing the value of schools as a proactive measure for inclusion.

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • Allport, G.W. (1962). La naturaleza del prejuicio. Ediciones Universidad de Buenos Aires.
  • Auld, E., & Morris, P. (2019). Science by streetlight and the OECD’s measure of global competence: A new yardstick for internationalisation? Policy Futures in Education, 17(6), 677-698 https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210318819246
  • Azqueta, A., & Merino-Arribas, A. (2022). The role of education in Preventing Violent Radicalisation: a review for Europe. Revista de Educación, 397(3), 209-238. https://doi.org/10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2022-397-545
  • Berndt, T.J. (1982). The features and effects of friendship in early adolescence. Child Development, 53(6), 1447-1460. https://doi.org:10.2307/1130071
  • Burde D., Guven O., Kelcey J., Lahmann H., & Al-Abbadi K. (2015). What Works to Promote Children’s Educational Access, Quality of Learning, and Wellbeing in Crisis-Affected Contexts. Education Rigorous Literature Review. Department for International Development
  • Busher, J., & Jerome, L. (2020). The Prevent duy in education: impact, enactment and implications. Palgrave-Mc Millan.
  • Cala, V., Soriano-Ayala, E., & López-Martínez M. (2018). Actitudes hacia personas refugiadas y ciudadanía europea inclusiva. Análisis para una propuesta educativa intercultural con el profesorado en formación. Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa, 24(2). http://doi.org/10.7203/relieve.24.2.13320
  • Coolsaet, R. (2019). Radicalization: The origins and limits of a contested concept. In N. Fadil (Coord). Radicalisation in Belgium and the Netherlands: Critical Perspectives on Violence and Security (pp. 29-51). IB Tauris.
  • Council of Europe (2016a). Competences for democratic culture: Living together as equals in culturally diverse democratic societies. Council of Europe. https://bit.ly/2FuwFHE
  • Council of Europe (2016b). Reference framework of competences for democratic culture: guidance for implementation (I-III). Council of Europe. http://xurl.es/e75m5
  • Dahl, V. (2017). Reducing Adolescents’ Approval of Political Violence: The Social Influence of Universalistic and Immigrant-Friendly Peers. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie, 225(4), 302-312. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000298
  • Danish Ministry of Immigration, Integration and Housing (2016). Preventing and countering extremism and radicalisation. National Action Plan.
  • Davies, L. (2018). Review of educational iniciatives in counter-extremism internationally: what works? The Segerstedt Institute Report. https://goo.gl/eVjmE9.
  • European Commission (2016). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions, June 14, 2016. Supporting the prevention of radicalisation leading to violent extremism COM (2016) 379 final.
  • European Commission (2020). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions, Decembre 9, 2020. A Counter-Terrorism Agenda for the EU: Anticipate, Prevent, Protect, Respond. COM (2020) 795 final.
  • Eurydice (2016). Promoting citizenship and the common values of freedom, tolerance and non-discrimination through education: Overview of education policy developments in Europe following the Paris Declaration of 17 March 2015. Publications Office EU. https://doi.org/10.2797/396908
  • Federal Goverment (2016). Federal Government strategy to prevent extremism and promote democracy. Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend. https://bit.ly/2DlTQFS
  • Federal Ministry of the Interior of Austria (2017). The Austrian Strategy for the Prevention and Countering of Violent Extremism and De-radicalisation. Federal Agency for State Protection and Counter Terrorism. https://bit.ly/2YAeeN7
  • Frontex Agency (2016). General Report 2015. European Agency for the management of operational cooperation at the external borders of the member states of the European Union. https://cutt.ly/qy1dXYC
  • Gearon, L. (2015). Education, Security and Intelligence Studies. British Journal of Educational Studies 63(3), 263–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2015.1079363
  • Government Office of Sweden (2015). Prevent, preempt and protect. The Swedish counter-terrorism strategy. (Skr. 2014/15:146) Government Communication Office. https://bit.ly/2YwhLfo
  • Gouvernement Republique Française (2018). Prévenir Pour Protéger. Plan national de prévention de la radicalization.
  • Grotlüschen, A. (2018). Global competence. Does the new OECD competence domain ignore the global South? Studies in the Education of Adults, 50(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2018.1523100
  • Her Majestic´s Goverment of United Kingdom (2018). The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism. https://bit.ly/2Js6G8J
  • Hopfenbeck, T. Lenkeit, J., El-Masri, Y., Cantrell, K., Ryan, J., & Baird, J.-A. (2018). Lessons learned from PISA: A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles on the programme for international student assessment. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 62(3), 333-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1258726
  • Jerome, L., Elwick, A., & Kazim, R. (2019). The impact of the Prevent duty on schools: A review of the evidence. British Educational Research Journal, 45(4), 821-837. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3527
  • Jerome, L. Busher, J., Armstrong, M. A., Choudhury, T., Silva da, R., Elwick, A., Fontana, G., James, N., Lewis, J., Robson, J., Svennevig, H., & Thomas, P. (2020). Conclusion: Reflections on the first five years of the Prevent Duty in eary years, Primary, Secondary and Further Education. In J. Busher, & L. Jerome (2020). The Prevent duy in education: impact, enactment and implications (pp. 159-170). Palgrave-Mc Millan.
  • Kamada, T., & Kawai, S. (1989). An agorithm for drawing general undirected graphs. Information processing letters, 31, 7-15.
  • Koo, J. (2018). Mass influxes and protection in Europe: A reflection on a temporary episode of an enduring problem. European Journal of Migration and Law, 20(2), 157-181 https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340027
  • Leydesdorff, L., & Persson, O. (2010). Mapping the geography of science: Distribution patterns and networks of relations among cities and institutes. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 61(8), 1622–1634. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21347.
  • Lumb, E. (2018). Terrorism in the Nursery: considering the implications of the British Values discourse and the Prevent duty requirements in early years education, Forum, 60(3), 355-364. http://doi.org/10.15730/forum.2018.60.3.355.
  • Marttinen, E., Dietrich, J., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2018). Intentional engagement in the transition to adulthood: An integrative perspective on identity, career and goal developmental regulation. European Psychologist, 23, 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000337
  • Mattsson, C., & Säljö, R. (2018). Violent extremism, national security and prevention. Institutional discourses and their implications for schooling. British Journal of Educational Studies, 66(1), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2017.1337870
  • Matthews, J. (2016). Media performance in the aftermath of terror: Reporting templates, political ritual and the UK press coverage of the London Bombings, 2005. Journalism, 17(2), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914554175
  • Middleton, J. (2016). Preventing violent extremism: the role of doctors. The Lancet, 388(10057), 2219-2221. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31902-X
  • Ministry of the Interior Finland (2020) National Action Plan for the prevention of violent radicalization and extremism 2019-2023. Government Administration-Department Publications. https://cutt.ly/cHAbnbb
  • Motti-Stefanidi, F., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2018). Challenges and resources for immigrant youth positive adaptation. What does scientific evidence show us? European Psychologist, 23(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000315
  • National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism (2016). National Counterterrorism Strategy for 2016-2020.
  • Nemr, C., & Savage, S. (2019). Integrative complexity interventions to prevent and counter violent extremism. Global Center on Cooperative Security. https://cutt.ly/9r5v694
  • Obaidi, M., Kunst, R., Kteily, N., Thomsen, L., & Sidanius, J. (2018). Living under threat: Mutual threat perception drives anti‐muslim and anti‐Western hostility in the age of terrorism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(5), 567-584. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2362.
  • OECD (2018a). Preparing our youth an inclusive and sustainable world. The OECD PISA global competence framework. OECD. https://cutt.ly/rr6fMVl
  • OECD (2018b). The Future of Education and Skills OECD Education 2030 Framework. OECD. https://bit.ly/2IhJXYs
  • Open Society Justice Iniciative (2016). Eroding Trust: The UK´s PREVENT Counter-Extremist Strategy in Health and Education. Open Society Foundations. https://bit.ly/2nCufmz
  • Ragazzi, F. (2017). Students as suspects?: The challenges of counter-radicalization policies in education in the Council of Europe member states. Council of Europe. https://cutt.ly/Hr5bhhL
  • Reinert, M. (1986). Un logiciel d’analyse lexicale: Alceste. Cahiers de l’Analyse des Données, 11(4), 471-484.
  • Reinert, M. (1990). Alceste: une méthodologie d’analyse des donne textuelles et une application: Aurélia de G. de Nerval. Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 26(1), 24-54.
  • Revell, L., & Bryan, H. (2016). Calibrating fundamental British values: How head teachers are approaching appraisal in the light of the Teachers’ Standards 2012, Prevent and the Counter-Terrorism & Security Act. Journal of Education for Teaching, 42(3), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2016.1184464
  • Robertson, S. L. (2021). Provincializing the OECD-PISA global competences project. Globalisation Societies and Education, 19(2), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1887725
  • Sälzer, C., & Roczen, N. (2018). Assessing global competence in PISA 2018: Challenges and approaches to capturing a complex construct. International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning, 10(1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.18546/IJDEGL.10.1.02
  • Schwartz, M. (2018). Shifting the preveting violent extremist paradigm: A think piece on human insecurity, political violence, and new directions for preventing violent extremism. Global Center on Cooperative Security.
  • Simpson, A., & Dervin, F. (2019). Forms of dialogism in the Council of Europe Reference Framework on competences for democratic culture. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1618317
  • Sjøen, M., & Jore, S. (2019). Preventing extremism through education: exploring impacts and implications of counter-radicalisation efforts. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 40(3), 269-283 https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2019.1600134
  • Spanish Goverment (2015). Plan Estratégico Nacional de Lucha contra la Radicalización Violenta. Un marco para el respeto y el entendimiento común. Ministerio del Interior. https://bit.ly/2gyz3jA
  • Stonebanks, C. (2019). Secularism and securitization: The imaginary threat of religious minorities in Canadian public spaces. Journal of Beliefs & Values 40(3), 303-320 https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2019.1600341
  • Strabac, Z., Aalberg, T., & Valenta, M. (2014). Attitudes towards Muslim immigrants: Evidence from survey experiments across four countries. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 40(1), 100-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.831542
  • Van Zalk, M. H. W., Kerr, M., Van Zalk, N., & Stattin, H. (2013). Xenophobia and tolerance toward immigrants in adolescence: Cross-influence processes within friendships. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 41(4), 627-639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9694-8
  • Veiligheid van de staat. Vei Sûrete de l’Etat (2018). Le Salafisme en Belgique. Mécanismes et réalité. https://bit.ly/30Gvdw5
  • Verkuyten, M., & Thijs, J. (2001). Racist victimization among children in the Netherlands: the effect of ethnic group and school. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25, 310-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870120109502
  • Verkuyten, M. (2018). Religious fundamentalism and radicalization among Muslim minority youth in Europe. European Psychologist, 23(1), 21-31. http://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000314
  • Vicente, A. (2018). Fórmulas utilizadas para la radicalización y el reclutamiento yihadista de menores en España. Análisis Real Instituto Elcano, 76/2018.
  • Walker, R. F. (2019a). Teachers as informants: countering extremism and promoting violence. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 40(3), 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2019.1600321
  • Walker, R. F. (2019b). The UK's PREVENT Counter-Terrorism Strategy appears to promote rather than prevent violence. Journal of Critical Realism, 18(5), 487-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767430.2019.1646095
  • Ward, S. (2018). Boal, theatre in education and the promotion of Fundamental British Values. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 16(3), 38-67.