Natación artística en niñas: Antropometría, genotipo y rendimiento deportivo

  1. A. Romero Lorca 1
  2. Laura de la Calle Pérez 1
  3. A Novillo 1
  4. Ana Fernández Santander 1
  5. Ascensión Blanco Fernández 1
  6. T. Rodelgo 1
  7. Cristina Andreu Vázquez 1
  8. M. Gaibar 2
  1. 1 Universidad Europea de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Europea de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04dp46240

  2. 2 Universidad Francisco de Vitoria
    info

    Universidad Francisco de Vitoria

    Pozuelo de Alarcón, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03ha64j07

Revista:
Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte

ISSN: 1577-0354

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 22

Número: 85

Páginas: 198-229

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte

Resumen

In sport, optimizing weight and body composition is important for performance although an excessive drive for thinness can lead to diminished performance and health problems. This is especially important in the youngest athletes.This study examines 60 national competition-level Spanish artistic swimmers aged 9-17 years. Participants were divided into 3 categories: 12 years and under, 13-15 and 16-17 years. The data analysed were anthropometric measures, menarche age, genotype related to performance (gene ACTN3) and athletic performance. Relationships between athletic performance and anthropometric or genetic data were compared among the three age groups.Swimmers showed a tendency to carry the heterozygous genotype RX of the ACTN3 gene in the older age group. In this study, this sport could have an impact on body mass index, triceps skinfold, weight, menarche age, and selection of one genotype, but the performance in competition of the artistic swimmers had little linking to anthropometric measures

Referencias bibliográficas

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  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación, waterpolo, saltos y natación sincronizada. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 2016, 30; 98-100. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i30.49609
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. 2013; Barcelona.
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador de rendimiento. Revista Internacional de Deportes Colectivos, 2014; 19, 151-160. hdl.handle.net/11268/4397.
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019; 119(1): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-4010-0
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007; 7, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701722168.
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving for Leanness Is Required. Clin J Sport Med, 2008; 18, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31804c77bd
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal age and size. Anales de Pediatría 2008;69(2), 103-245. https://doi.org/10.1157/13124894.
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Hum Mol Genet, 2001; 10, 1335-46. PMID:11440986. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.13.1335.
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2012; 32, 135-45. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0030-8.
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2018; 38, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12412.
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized) swimming. Int J Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metab, 2018; 28, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0329
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 2014; 28, 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20ee7.
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized Swimmers. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7, e49098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049098.
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23, e162-e167. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12045
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2013; 13, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868629.
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports Med Physical Fitness, 2003; 43, 398-403. PMID: 14625523.
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and recommendations for their use. An Pediatr (Barc), 2011; 74, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.10.005.
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan. J. Sci. Sports, 2017; 27, 925-934. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12716.
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu Undo Kagaku, 2004; 7, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.2479/swex.7.35.
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018; 21(2):213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.012.
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in child population. A study of a cohort in Castile and Leon, Spain. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019; 66, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.10.004.
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación, waterpolo, saltos y natación sincronizada. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 2016, 30; 98-100. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i30.49609
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. 2013; Barcelona.
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador de rendimiento. Revista Internacional de Deportes Colectivos, 2014; 19, 151-160. hdl.handle.net/11268/4397.
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019; 119(1): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-4010-0
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007; 7, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701722168.
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving for Leanness Is Required. Clin J Sport Med, 2008; 18, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31804c77bd
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal age and size. Anales de Pediatría 2008;69(2), 103-245. https://doi.org/10.1157/13124894.
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Hum Mol Genet, 2001; 10, 1335-46. PMID:11440986. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.13.1335.
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2012; 32, 135-45. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0030-8.
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2018; 38, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12412.
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized) swimming. Int J Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metab, 2018; 28, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0329
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 2014; 28, 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20ee7.
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized Swimmers. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7, e49098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049098.
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23, e162-e167. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12045
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2013; 13, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868629.
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports Med Physical Fitness, 2003; 43, 398-403. PMID: 14625523.
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and recommendations for their use. An Pediatr (Barc), 2011; 74, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.10.005.
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan. J. Sci. Sports, 2017; 27, 925-934. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12716.
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu Undo Kagaku, 2004; 7, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.2479/swex.7.35.
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018; 21(2):213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.012.
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in child population. A study of a cohort in Castile and Leon, Spain. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019; 66, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.10.004.
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación, waterpolo, saltos y natación sincronizada. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 2016, 30; 98-100. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i30.49609
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. 2013; Barcelona.
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador de rendimiento. Revista Internacional de Deportes Colectivos, 2014; 19, 151-160. hdl.handle.net/11268/4397.
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019; 119(1): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-4010-0
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007; 7, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701722168.
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving for Leanness Is Required. Clin J Sport Med, 2008; 18, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31804c77bd
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal age and size. Anales de Pediatría 2008;69(2), 103-245. https://doi.org/10.1157/13124894.
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Hum Mol Genet, 2001; 10, 1335-46. PMID:11440986. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.13.1335.
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2012; 32, 135-45. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0030-8.
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2018; 38, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12412.
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized) swimming. Int J Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metab, 2018; 28, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0329
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 2014; 28, 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20ee7.
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized Swimmers. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7, e49098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049098.
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23, e162-e167. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12045
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2013; 13, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868629.
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports Med Physical Fitness, 2003; 43, 398-403. PMID: 14625523.
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and recommendations for their use. An Pediatr (Barc), 2011; 74, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.10.005.
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan. J. Sci. Sports, 2017; 27, 925-934. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12716.
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu Undo Kagaku, 2004; 7, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.2479/swex.7.35.
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018; 21(2):213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.012.
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in child population. A study of a cohort in Castile and Leon, Spain. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019; 66, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.10.004.
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación, waterpolo, saltos y natación sincronizada. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 2016, 30; 98-100. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i30.49609
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. 2013; Barcelona.
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador de rendimiento. Revista Internacional de Deportes Colectivos, 2014; 19, 151-160. hdl.handle.net/11268/4397.
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019; 119(1): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-4010-0
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007; 7, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701722168.
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving for Leanness Is Required. Clin J Sport Med, 2008; 18, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31804c77bd
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal age and size. Anales de Pediatría 2008;69(2), 103-245. https://doi.org/10.1157/13124894.
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Hum Mol Genet, 2001; 10, 1335-46. PMID:11440986. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.13.1335.
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2012; 32, 135-45. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0030-8.
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2018; 38, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12412.
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized) swimming. Int J Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metab, 2018; 28, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0329
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 2014; 28, 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20ee7.
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized Swimmers. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7, e49098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049098.
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23, e162-e167. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12045
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2013; 13, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868629.
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports Med Physical Fitness, 2003; 43, 398-403. PMID: 14625523.
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and recommendations for their use. An Pediatr (Barc), 2011; 74, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.10.005.
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan. J. Sci. Sports, 2017; 27, 925-934. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12716.
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu Undo Kagaku, 2004; 7, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.2479/swex.7.35.
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018; 21(2):213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.012.
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in child population. A study of a cohort in Castile and Leon, Spain. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019; 66, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.10.004.
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación, waterpolo, saltos y natación sincronizada. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 2016, 30; 98-100. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i30.49609
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. 2013; Barcelona.
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador de rendimiento. Revista Internacional de Deportes Colectivos, 2014; 19, 151-160. hdl.handle.net/11268/4397.
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019; 119(1): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-4010-0
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007; 7, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701722168.
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving for Leanness Is Required. Clin J Sport Med, 2008; 18, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31804c77bd
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal age and size. Anales de Pediatría 2008;69(2), 103-245. https://doi.org/10.1157/13124894.
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Hum Mol Genet, 2001; 10, 1335-46. PMID:11440986. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.13.1335.
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2012; 32, 135-45. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0030-8.
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2018; 38, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12412.
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized) swimming. Int J Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metab, 2018; 28, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0329
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 2014; 28, 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20ee7.
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized Swimmers. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7, e49098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049098.
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23, e162-e167. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12045
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2013; 13, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868629.
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports Med Physical Fitness, 2003; 43, 398-403. PMID: 14625523.
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and recommendations for their use. An Pediatr (Barc), 2011; 74, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.10.005.
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan. J. Sci. Sports, 2017; 27, 925-934. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12716.
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu Undo Kagaku, 2004; 7, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.2479/swex.7.35.
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018; 21(2):213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.012.
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in child population. A study of a cohort in Castile and Leon, Spain. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019; 66, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.10.004.
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación, waterpolo, saltos y natación sincronizada. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 2016, 30; 98-100. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i30.49609
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. 2013; Barcelona.
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador de rendimiento. Revista Internacional de Deportes Colectivos, 2014; 19, 151-160. hdl.handle.net/11268/4397.
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019; 119(1): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-4010-0
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007; 7, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701722168.
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving for Leanness Is Required. Clin J Sport Med, 2008; 18, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31804c77bd
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal age and size. Anales de Pediatría 2008;69(2), 103-245. https://doi.org/10.1157/13124894.
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Hum Mol Genet, 2001; 10, 1335-46. PMID:11440986. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/10.13.1335.
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2012; 32, 135-45. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0030-8.
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2018; 38, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12412.
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized) swimming. Int J Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metab, 2018; 28, 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0329
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 2014; 28, 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20ee7.
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized Swimmers. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7, e49098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049098.
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23, e162-e167. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12045
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2013; 13, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868629.
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports Med Physical Fitness, 2003; 43, 398-403. PMID: 14625523.
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and recommendations for their use. An Pediatr (Barc), 2011; 74, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.10.005.
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan. J. Sci. Sports, 2017; 27, 925-934. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12716.
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu Undo Kagaku, 2004; 7, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.2479/swex.7.35.
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018; 21(2):213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.012.
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in child population. A study of a cohort in Castile and Leon, Spain. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019; 66, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.10.004.
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación, waterpolo, saltos y natación sincronizada. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 2016, 30; 98-100. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i30.49609
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet