Autorreactividad y autoinmunidad
- Díaz Martín, D.
- Barcenilla Rodríguez, H.
- Úbeda Cantera, M.
- Muñoz Zamarrón, L.
ISSN: 0304-5412
Any de publicació: 2017
Sèrie: 12
Número: 24
Pàgines: 1418-1427
Tipus: Article
Altres publicacions en: Medicine: Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado
Resum
Resumen Definición de autoinmunidad y enfermedad autoinmune La autoinmunidad es una respuesta inmune contra uno o varios antígenos propios. Las enfermedades autoinmunes son el resultado del daño o la pérdida de función fisiológica en órganos y tejidos debido a una respuesta autoinmune. Este reconocimiento específico está mediado por las células del sistema inmune adaptativo, es decir, linfocitos T y B, si bien en los mecanismos de daño participan también células y moléculas del sistema inmune innato. Características de las enfermedades autoinmunes Las enfermedades autoinmunes son crónicas y suelen ser progresivas. La persistencia del antígeno, de las células T y B memoria específicas de los mismos y los poderosos mecanismos de amplificación inflamatorios son los mecanismos patogénicos que perpetúan la enfermedad. Tolerancia inmunitaria Los mecanismos de tolerancia son esenciales para el control de la autorreactivad, principalmente, los mediados en periferia por los linfocitos T. Estos mecanismos se dividen habitualmente en tolerancia central, tolerancia periférica y tolerancia mediada por células T reguladoras (Treg). Etiología de las enfermedades autoinmunes La etiología de las enfermedades autoinmunes no está esclarecida, aunque parece claro que es multifactorial. La propensión genética es un factor importante y determinados conjuntos de alelos de genes pueden predisponer a la enfermedad. Además, los factores ambientales como la infección y la lesión tisular parecen fundamentales en su desarrollo.
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