Variables familiares relacionadas con el bullying y el cyberbullyinguna revisión sistemática

  1. Machimbarrena, Juan M.
  2. González-Cabrera, Joaquín
  3. Garaigordobil, Maite
Revista:
Pensamiento psicológico

ISSN: 1657-8961

Any de publicació: 2019

Títol de l'exemplar: Special Section. Advances on School Convivence

Volum: 17

Número: 2

Pàgines: 37-56

Tipus: Article

DOI: 10.11144/DOI:10.11144/JAVERIANACALI.PPSI17-2.VFRB DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Altres publicacions en: Pensamiento psicológico

Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible

Resum

Objetivo. Revisar los estudios que han analizado la relación de bullying/cyberbullying con variables delcontexto familiar. Método. Revisión sistemática, basada en el protocolo Prisma, de los documentos registrados en las principales bases de datos de psicología, que incluían las palabras clave bullying/cyberbullying y familia/padres, entre 2004 y 2017. Setenta y cuatro artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados. La revisión evidenció las siguientes variables familiares asociadas con cada rol: (a) víctimas de bullying: padres/madres autoritarios, punitivos o permisivos; hogares disfuncionales, baja armonía familiar, conflictos, pobre comunicación; reciben muchas críticas, bajo apoyo/atención parental o sobreprotección; (b) cibervíctimas: padres/madres autoritarios o negligentes, conflictos familiares, bajo apoyo parental, padres/madres distantes, vínculos emocionales negativos; (c) agresores de bullying: padres/madres autoritarios, punitivos o permisivos, hogares disfuncionales, conflictos entre padres/madres, violencia doméstica, reciben rechazo, crítica y poco afecto parental; (d) ciberagresores: padres/madres autoritarios, negligentes o permisivos, y conflictos familiares. Por último, resultaron factores protectores: padres/madres democráticas, equilibrados, sin conflictos domésticos, cohesión familiar, interacciones de calidad, fácil comunicación padres-hijos, padres/madres apoyan a sus hijos, son cercanos y fomentan el apego seguro. Conclusión. Algunas variables familiares pueden ser relevantes, aunque en la probabilidad de convertirse en víctima o agresor de bullying y cyberbullying influyan otros factores, como los personales.

Referències bibliogràfiques

  • Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V., & Salame, W. O. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an old Problem gone Viral. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 10-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011
  • Accordino, D. B., & Accordino, M. P. (2011). An Exploratory Study of Face-to-Face and Cyberbullying in Sixth Grade Students. American Secondary Education, 40(1), 14-31.
  • Ahmed, E., & Braithwaite, V. (2004). Bullying and Victimization: Cause for Concern for both Families and Schools. Social Psychology of Education, 7, 35-54. doi.org/10.1023/B:SPOE.0000010668.43236.60
  • Alikasifoglu, M., Erginoz, E., Ercan, O., Uysal, O., & Albayrak-Kaymak, D. (2007). Bullying Behaviours and Psychosocial Health: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey among High School Students in Istanbul, Turkey. European Journal of Pediatrics, 166(12), 1253-1260. doi: 10.1007/s00431-006-0411-x
  • Aman-Back, S., & Björkqvist, K. (2007). Relationship between Home and School Adjustment: Children’s Experiences at Ages 10 and 14. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104(3), 965-974. doi: 10.2466/pms.104.3.965-974
  • Aoyama, I., Utsumi, S., & Hasegawa, M. (2012). Cyberbullying in Japan. In Cyberbullying in the Global Playground (pp. 183-201). Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781119954484.ch9
  • Arnaiz, P., Cerezo, F., Giménez, A. M. y Maquilón, J. J. (2016). Conductas de ciberadicción y experiencias de cyberbullying entre adolescentes. Anales de Psicología, 32(3), 761-769. doi: 10.6018/analesps.32.3.217461
  • Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Protective Factors as Moderators of Risk Factors in Adolescence Bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 8(3), 263-284. doi: 10.1007/s11218-005-5866-5
  • Bjereld, Y., Daneback, K., & Petzold, M. (2015). Differences in Prevalence of Bullying Victimization between Native and Immigrant Children in the Nordic Countries: A Parent-Reported Serial Cross-Sectional Study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(4), 593-599. doi: 10.1111/cch.12184
  • Bowes, L., Arseneault, L., Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2009). School, Neighborhood, and Family Factors are Associated with Children’s Bullying Involvement: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 545-553. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819cb017
  • Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Melotti, G., Galli, S., & Genta, M. L. (2012). Predictors of Victimization across Direct Bullying, Indirect Bullying and Cyberbullying. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17(3-4), 375-388. doi: 10.1080/13632752.2012.704684
  • Brochado, S., Soares, S., & Fraga, S. (2017). A Scoping Review on Studies of Cyberbullying Prevalence among Adolescents. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 18(5), 523-531. doi: 10.1177/1524838016641668
  • Buelga, S., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Cava, M. J. (2017). Differences in Family Climate and Family Communication among Cyberbullies, Cybervictims, and Cyber Bully-Victims in Adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 164-173. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.017
  • Buelga, S., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Musitu, G. (2016). Family Relationships and Cyberbullying. In Cyberbullying across the Globe (pp. 99-114). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-25552-1_5
  • Buendía, N. I., Castaño-Castrillón, J. J., Cañón, S. C., Giraldo-Acevedo, J. A., Marín, L., Sánchez, S. y Suárez-Ruiz, F. A. (2016). Frecuencia y factores asociados al acoso escolar en colegios públicos. Psicología desde el Caribe, 33(3), 312-332. doi: 10.14482/psdc.33.3.7767
  • Byrne, S., Katz, S. J., Lee, T., Linz, D., & McIlrath, M. (2014). Peers, Predators, and Porn: Predicting Parental Underestimation of Children’s Risky Online Experiences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2), 215-231. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12040
  • Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., González-Cabrera, J. M., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2018). Continued Bullying Victimization in Adolescents: Maladaptive Schemas as a Mediational Mechanism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 650-660. doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0677-5
  • Cappadocia, M. C., Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. (2013). Cyberbullying: Prevalence, Stability, and Risk Factors during Adolescence. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 28(2), 171-192. doi: 10.1177/0829573513491212
  • Cassidy, T. (2009). Bullying and Victimization in School Children: The Role of Social Identity, Problem-Solving Style, and Family and School Context. Social Psychology of Education, 12(1), 63-76. doi: 10.1007/s11218-008-9066-y
  • Cava, M. J., Musitu, G., & Murgui, S. (2007). Individual and Social Risk Factors Related to Overt Victimization in a Sample of Spanish Adolescents. Psychological Reports, 101(1), 275-290. doi: 10.2466/PR0.101.5.275-290
  • Chang, F. C., Chiu, C. H., Miao, N. F., Chen, P. H., Lee, C. M., Chiang, J. T., & Pan, Y. C. (2015). The Relationship between Parental Mediation and Internet Addiction among Adolescents, and the Association with Cyberbullying and Depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 21-28. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.013
  • Chaux, E., Molano, A., & Podlesky, P. (2009). Socio-Economic, Socio-Political and Socio-Emotional Variables Explaining School Bullying: A Country-Wide Multilevel Analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 35(6), 520-529. doi: 10.1002/ab.20320
  • Davidson, L. M., & Demaray, M.K. (2007). Social Support as a Moderator between Victimization and Internalizing-Externalizing Distress from Bullying. School Psychology Review, 36(3), 383-405.
  • Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ Experiences and Parental Perception. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217-223. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
  • Dehue, F., Bolman, C., Völlink, T., & Mieneke, P. (2012). Cyberbulling and Traditional Bulling in Relation to Adolescents’ Perception of Parenting. Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation, 5(1), 22-34.
  • Doty, J. L., Gower, A. L., Rudi, J. H., McMorris, B. J., & Borowsky, I. W. (2017). Patterns of Bullying and Sexual Harassment: Connections with Parents and Teachers as Direct Protective Factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(11), 2289-2304. doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0698-0
  • Duggins, S. D., Kuperminc, G. P., Henrich, C. C., Smalls-Glover, C., & Perilla, J. L. (2016). Aggression among Adolescent Victims of School Bullying: Protective Roles of Family and School Connectedness. Psychology of Violence, 6(2), 205-212. doi: 10.1037/a0039439
  • Durán, L. G., Scherñuk-Schroh, J. C., Panizoni, E. P., Jouglard, E.F., Serralunga, G. y Esandi, M. E. (2017). Intimidación escolar: concordancia entre la percepción de los cuidadores y sus hijos. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría, 115(1), 35-42. doi: 10.5546/aap.2017.35
  • Ehrenreich, S. E., Beron, K. J., Brinkley, D. Y., & Underwood, M. K. (2014). Family Predictors of Continuity and Change in Social and Physical Aggression from Ages 9 to 18. Aggressive Behavior, 40(5), 421-439. doi: 10.1002/ab.21535
  • Eşkisu, M. (2014). The Relationship between Bullying, Family Functions, Perceived Social Support among High School Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 492-496. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.412
  • Fanti, K., Demetriou, A., & Hawa, V. (2012). A Longitudinal Study of Cyberbullying: Examining Risk and Protective Factors. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 168-181. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2011.643169
  • Floros, G., Paradeisioti, A., Hadjimarcou, M., Mappouras, D. G., Kalakouta, O., Avagianou, P., & Siomos, K. (2013). Cyberbullying in Cyprus - Associated Parenting Style and Psychopathology. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, 11, 85-89. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-282-0-85
  • Fousiani, K., Dimitropoulou, P., Michaelides, M. P., & Petegem, S. van (2016). Perceived Parenting and Adolescent Cyber-Bullying: Examining the Intervening Role of Autonomy and Relatedness Need Satisfaction, Empathic Concern and Recognition of Humanness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(7), 2120-2129. doi: 10.1007/s10826-016-0401-1
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2008). Intervención psicológica con adolescentes. Un programa para el desarrollo de la personalidad y la educación en derechos humanos. Madrid, España: Pirámide.
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2013). Cyberbullying. Screening de acoso entre iguales. Screening del acoso escolar presencial (bullying) y tecnológico (cyberbullying). Madrid, España: TEA.
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2018). Bullying y Cyberbullying: Estrategias de evaluación, prevención e intervención. Barcelona, España: UOC.
  • Garaigordobil, M., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2017). Stress, Competence, and Parental Educational Styles in Victims and Aggressors of Bullying and Cyberbullying. Psicothema, 29(3), 335-340. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2016.258
  • Georgiou, S. N. (2008a). Parental Style and Child Bullying and Victimization Experiences at School. Social Psychology of Education, 11, 213-227. doi: 10.1007/s11218-007-9048-5
  • Georgiou, S. N. (2008b). Bullying and Victimization at School: The Role of Mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(1), 109-125. doi: 10.1348/000709907X204363
  • Gómez-Ortiz, O., Rey, R. del, Romera, E. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2015). Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles in Adolescence and its Relationship with Resilience, Attachment and Bullying Involvement. Anales de Psicología, 31(3), 979-989. doi: 10.6018/analesps.31.3.180791
  • Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Parenting Styles and Bullying. The Mediating Role of Parental Psychological Aggression and Physical Punishment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 132-143. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.025
  • Healy, K. L., Sanders, M. R., & Iyer, A. (2015). Parenting Practices, Children’s Peer Relationships and Being Bullied at School. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(1), 127-140. doi: 10.1007/s10826-013-9820-4
  • Helweg-Larsen, K., Schütt, N., & Larsen, H. B. (2012). Predictors and Protective Factors for Adolescent Internet Victimization: Results from a 2008 Nationwide Danish Youth Survey. Acta Paediatrica, 101(5), 533-539. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02587.x
  • Higuita-Gutiérrez, L. F., & Cardona-Arias, J. A. (2017). Variables of the Family, School, and Social Environment Context that Determine Bullying in Adolescents in Medellín, Colombia. Journal of School Violence, 16(1), 68-85. doi: 10.1080/15388220.2015.1112807
  • Holt, M. K., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Perceived Social Support among Bullies, Victims, and Bully-Victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(8), 984-994. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9153-3
  • Holt, M. K., Kaufman-Kantor, G., & Finkelhor, D. (2009). Parent/Child Concordance about Bullying Involvement and Family Characteristics Related to Bullying and Peer Victimization. Journal of School Violence, 8(1), 42-63. doi: 10.1080/15388220802067813
  • Hymel, S., & Swearer, S. M. (2015). Four Decades of Research on School Bullying. American Psychologist, 70(4), 293-299. doi: 10.1037/a0038928293
  • Jiménez, T. I., Musitu, G., Ramos, M. J., & Murgui, S. (2009). Community Involvement and Victimization at School: An Analysis through Family, Personal and Social Adjustment. Journal of Community Psychology, 37, 959-974. doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20342
  • Khurana, A., Bleakley, A., Jordan, A. B., & Romer, D. (2015). The Protective Effects of Parental Monitoring and Internet Restriction on Adolescents’ Risk of Online Harassment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1039-1047. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0242-4
  • Kokkinos, C. M., & Panayiotou, G. (2007). Parental Discipline Practices and Locus of Control: Relationship to Bullying and Victimization Experiences of Elementary School Students. Social Psychology of Education, 10(3), 281-301. doi: 10.1007/s11218-007-9021-3
  • Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research among Youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137. doi: 10.1037/a0035618
  • Larrañaga, E., Yubero, S., Ovejero, A., & Navarro, R. (2016). Loneliness, Parent-Child Communication and Cyberbullying Victimization among Spanish Youths. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.015
  • Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., & Olson, B. F. (2010). To Control or not to Control? Parenting Behaviours and Adolescent Online Aggression. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1651-1656. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.013
  • Ledwell, M., & King, V. (2015). Bullying and Internalizing Problems. Journal of Family Issues, 36(5), 543-566. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13491410
  • Lee, C.H., & Song, J. (2012). Functions of Parental Involvement and Effects of School Climate on Bullying Behaviors among South Korean Middle School Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(12), 2437-2464. doi: 10.1177/0886260511433508
  • León del Barco, B., Felipe-Castaño, E., Polo del Río, M. I. y Fajardo-Bullón, F. (2015). Aceptación-rechazo parental y perfiles de victimización y agresión en situaciones de bullying. Anales de Psicología, 31(2), 600-606. doi: 10.6018/analesps.31.2.156391
  • Lereya, S. T., Samara, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting Behavior and the Risk of Becoming a Victim and a Bully/Victim: A Meta-Analysis Study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(12), 1091-1108. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.001
  • López, L. y Ramírez, A. (2017). Estilos educativos familiares y acoso escolar: un estudio en la comunidad autónoma de La Rioja (España). Revista Brasileira de Educação, 22(71), 1-23. doi: 10.1590/s1413-24782017227155
  • Low, S., & Espelage, D. (2013). Differentiating Cyber Bullying Perpetration from Non-Physical Bullying: Commonalities across Race, Individual, and Family Predictors. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 39-52. doi: 10.1037/a0030308
  • Makri-Botsari, E., & Karagianni, G. (2014). Cyberbullying in Greek Adolescents: The Role of Parents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3241-3253. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.742
  • Martins, M. J. D., Vieira, A. M., Freire, I., Caetano, A. P., & Matos, A. (2016). Cyber-Victimization and Cyber-Aggression among Portuguese Adolescents: International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 6(3), 65-78. doi: 10.4018/IJCBPL.2016070105
  • Mendoza-González, B. (2017). Prácticas de crianza y acoso escolar: descripción en alumnado de educación básica. Innovación Educativa, 17(24), 125-141.
  • Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parental Mediation, Online Activities, and Cyberbullying. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 387-393. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2009.0068
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264-269. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
  • Moratto, N. S., Berbesí, D. Y., Cárdenas, N., Restrepo, J. C. y Londoño, L. F. (2015). La familia como factor predictor de la intimidación escolar en Antioquia (Colombia). Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia, 8(2), 97-102. doi.org/10.4321/S1699-695X2015000200002
  • Morcillo-Peñalver, C., Ramos-Olazagasti, M. A., Blanco, C., Sala, R., Canino, G., Bird, H., & Duarte, C. S. (2015). Socio-Cultural Context and Bulling Others in Childhood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2241-2249. doi: 10.1007/s10826-014-0026-1
  • Murphy, T. P., Laible, D., & Augustine, M. (2017). The Influences of Parent and Peer Attachment on Bullying. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(5), 1388-1397. doi: 10.1007/s10826-017-0663-2
  • Murray-Harvey, R., & Slee, P. T. (2010). School and Home Relationships and Their Impact on School Bullying. School Psychology International, 31(3), 271-295. doi: 10.1177/0143034310366206
  • Musitu, G., Estévez, E., & Emler, N. (2007). Adjustment Problems in the Family and School Contexts, Attitude towards Authority, and Violent Behavior at School in Adolescence. Adolescence, 42(168), 779-794.
  • Navarro, R., & Serna, C. (2016). Spanish Youth Perceptions about Cyberbullying: Qualitative Research into Understanding Cyberbullying and the Role That Parents Play in its Solution. In Cyberbullying across the Globe (pp. 193-218). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-25552-1_10
  • Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martínez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2013). The Role of Internet Use and Parental Mediation on Cyberbullying Victimization among Spanish Children from Rural Public Schools. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 725-745. doi: 10.1007/s10212-012-0137-2
  • Oliveira, W. A. de, Silva, J. L. da, Mariano, A. C., & Iossi-Silva, M. A. (2015). Interfaces entre família e bullying escolar: una revisão sistemática. Psico-USF, 20(1), 121-132. doi: 10.1590/1413-82712015200111
  • Olweus, D. (2013). School Bullying: Development and some Important Challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751-780. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516
  • Ortega-Barón, J., Buelga, S., & Cava, M. (2016). The Influence of School and Family Environment on Adolescent Victims of Cyberbullying. Comunicar, 24(46), 57-65. doi: 10.3916/C46-2016-06
  • Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer Victimization and Internalizing Problems in Children: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(4), 244-252. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009
  • Rigby, K., Slee, P. T., & Martin, G. (2007). Implications of Inadequate Parental Bonding and Peer Victimization for Adolescent Mental Health. Journal of Adolescence, 30(5), 801-812. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.09.008
  • Samper-García, P., Mestre-Escrivá, M. V., Malonda, E. y Mesurado, B. (2015). Victimización en la escuela: relación de la crianza y variables funcionales-disfuncionales del desarrollo. Anales de Psicología, 31(3), 849-858. doi: 10.6018/analesps.31.3.173291
  • Sasson, H., & Mesch, G. (2014). Parental Mediation, Peer Norms and Risky Online Behavior among Adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 32-38. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025
  • Sasson, H., & Mesch, G. (2017). The Role of Parental Mediation and Peer Norms on the Likelihood of Cyberbullying. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 178(1), 15-27. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S140535
  • Seo, H-J., Jung, Y-E., Kim, M-D., & Bahk, W-M. (2017). Factors Associated with Bullying Victimization among Korean Adolescents. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 2429-2435. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S140535
  • Shin, Y., &, Yeon, H. (2008). Peer Victimization in Korean Preschool Children. School Psychology International, 29(5), 590-605. doi: 10.1177/0143034308099203
  • Spriggs, A. L., Iannotti, R. J., Nansel, T. R., & Haynie, D. L. (2007). Adolescent Bullying Involvement and Perceived Family, Peer and School Relations: Commonalities and Differences across Race/Ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(3), 283-293. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.009
  • Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental Monitoring: A Reinterpretation. Child Development, 71, 1072-1085. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00210
  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you Home from School: A Critical Review and Synthesis of Research on Cyberbullying Victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
  • Torre-Cruz, M. J. de la, García-Linares, M. C., & Casanova-Arias, P. F. (2014). Relationship between Parenting Styles and Aggressiveness in Adolescents. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 12(1), 147-169. doi: 10.14204/ejrep.32.13118
  • Uribe, A. F., Orcasita, L. T. y Aguillón, E. (2012). Bullying, redes de apoyo social y funcionamiento familiar en adolescentes de una institución educativa de Santander, Colombia. Psychologia. Avances de la Disciplina, 6(2), 83-99.
  • Valdés, C. A., Carlos, M. E. y Torres, A. G. (2012). Diferencias en la situación socioeconómica, clima y ajuste familiar de estudiantes con reportes de bullying y sin ellos. Psicología desde el Caribe, 29(3), 616-631.
  • Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School Bullying among Adolescents in the United States: Physical, Verbal, Relational, and Cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368-375. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021
  • Windle, M., Brener, N., Cuccaro, P., Dittus, P., Kanouse, D. E., Murray, N., … Schuster, M. A. (2010). Parenting Predictors of Early-Adolescents’ Health Behaviors: Simultaneous Group Comparisons across Sex and Ethnic Groups. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(6), 594-606. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9414-z
  • Wright, M. F. (2016). The Buffering Effect of Parental Mediation in the Relationship between Adolescents’ Cyberbullying Victimisation and Adjustment Difficulties. Child Abuse Review, 25(5), 345-358. doi: 10.1002/car.2448
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Online Aggressor/Targets, Aggressors, and Targets: A Comparison of Associated Youth Characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 45(7), 1308-1316. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
  • Zimmerman, T. (2002). Integrating gender and culture in parenting. New York: Haworth Press.